|
|
Protection of Citizens before and during the Nuclear Accidents
Červinka, Petr ; Hradil, Jaroslav (referee) ; Mika, Otakar Jiří (advisor)
This work is concerned with protection of citizens before and during the nuclear accidents. There is described what threat is nuclear accident in first part of this work. Next are noted sources of risk and classification of accidents in nuclear plants. There is mentioned legislature of Czech Republic in this area and principles of protection of citizens. Part of this work is a short study of Chernobyl accident and a concept of pocket guide for citizens.
|
|
|
Nuclear accidents
Mik, Martin ; Suk, Ladislav (referee) ; Vojáčková, Jitka (advisor)
This thesis is a research dealing with nuclear accidents and disasters in the world and us. The work is divided into several parts. The first part deals with the regulation of nuclear safety in the Czech Republic. The second part describes the international INES scale. The last and largest section deals with the actual accidents and disasters.
|
|
|
Nuclear Power Plants Security
Štěpán, Jakub ; Smutný, Milan (referee) ; Ellederová, Eva (advisor)
Koncept bezpečnosti a zabezpečení jaderných elektráren je složitý. Bezpečný provoz jaderných elektráren má zásadní význam pro spolehlivou a neškodnou výrobu elektřiny. Nehoda spojená s tímto typem zařízení by mohla mít negativní dopad na zdraví lidí, volně žijících zvířat, a mohla by způsobit znečištění životního prostředí. Cílem této bakalářské práce je vymezit koncept bezpečnosti a zabezpečení jaderných elektráren a prodiskutovat způsoby prevence jaderné katastrofy. Teoretická část práce se zabývá vymezením základních provozních principů jaderných elektráren. Dále jsou diskutována a ilustrována bezpečnostní a zabezpečovací opatření. Následně je zkoumán dopad jaderných elektráren na životní prostředí za běžného provozu. V závěru jsou popsány důsledky selhání bezpečnostních a zabezpečovacích opatření na historických příkladech. Praktická část práce, která byla realizována prostřednictvím online dotazníkového šetření, se zabývá mírou povědomí veřejnosti o bezpečnosti jaderných elektráren a jejich dopadu na životní prostředí.
|
|
|
Nuclear power plant accidents and their impacts
BOROVKA, Petr
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of nuclear power plant accidents. First the basic terms for nuclear energy are explained. Then the reactor and the types of reactors used are described. Furthermore safety systems for nuclear energy are analyzed and examples of systems used are given. The Temelín nuclear power plant is described, because of comparison that comes afterwards. After that the topic moves on to the description of three serious accidents of nuclear plants. Specifically accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Fukushima nuclear power plant and the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. Furthermore in the following chapters a comparison was made of the individual described accidents with the Temelín nuclear power plant. For the Chernobyl accident the comparison consists of comparing the biological shield with containment, xenon poi-soning and positive cavity coefficient, control rods, backup types of power supply, and finally the explosion during the accident is analyzed. For comparison with the Fukushi-ma accident, the risk of natural disasters in the area where the Temelín nuclear power plant is located is pointed out also an analysis of rivers near the nuclear power plant was made. With the Fukushima accident, the differences in containment structures and the risks associated with the accident are described. Furthermore, the accident of Three Mile Island was compared with the accident at the Rovno nuclear power plant, as it was the same type of accident with different results. Then a comparison was made in measuring the water level in the reactor and the procedure for measuring the water level for the VVER-1000/V320 type reactor was described.
|
|
|
Elements of Propaganda in the Image of the Chernobyl Disaster in Czechoslovak Press
Vladyka, Tomáš ; Suk, Pavel (advisor) ; Cebe, Jan (referee)
On 26 April 1986, the worst nuclear accident in human history took place at Chernobyl in Ukraine. In addition to the massive loss of human lifes (it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of people died indirectly as a result of radiation), the accident had devastating effects on nature far and wide. In the first part of my thesis, I use literature to describe the reality of how the accident actually occurred and what its consequences were. Then, through an analysis of articles in the Czechoslovak press of the time (Rudé právo - the central daily of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; Týdeník aktualit - published in Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Novosti Press Agency), I present a comprehensive picture of how the Chernobyl accident was presented to Czechoslovak readers in comparison with reality. The depiction of the accident is also examined in contemporary Czechoslovak television coverage. In order to compare the depiction of the accident in the West, I further analyze articles in The New York Times. Part of the thesis also focuses on an examination of the archival holdings of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to refute or confirm the hypothesis that there is evidence of instructions to journalists on how they should write about the crash.
|
|
|
Nuclear Power Plants Design and Safety: A Case Study of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant
Marečková, Kristýna ; Baumgartnerová, Alena (referee) ; Ellederová, Eva (advisor)
Bakalářská práce je případovou studií jaderné elektrárny Temelín. Jejím cílem je popsat projekt, princip provozu a bezpečnostní opatření jaderné elektrárny Temelín, porovnat projekty a bezpečnostní opatření vybraných jaderných elektráren v České republice i mimo ni a diskutovat výhody a nevýhody jaderné elektrárny Temelín ve srovnání s ostatními vybranými jadernými elektrárnami. Práce je založena na rešerši literatury z různých zdrojů, aby byla zajištěna její maximální validita. Zdroje zahrnovaly odborné knihy, články, brožury, online přednášky, virtuální prohlídky a interní výukové materiály. Lze konstatovat, že jaderná elektrárna Temelín je Státním úřadem pro jadernou bezpečnost a jejími provozovateli udržována na vysoké bezpečnostní úrovni. Přestože má projekt mnoho výhod, existují i určité nevýhody, které však nemají na bezpečnost této jaderné elektrárny zásadní vliv.
|
|
|
The level of population knowledge about selected radiation accidents in South Bohemian region
TŘEŠNIČKOVÁ, Tereza
This diploma thesis deals with the level of population knowledge about selected radiation accidents in South Bohemian region. The goal is to determine the level of population knowledge about selected radiation accidents and then compare the knowledge about disaster in Chernobyl, Fukushima and the others selected radiation accidents. In the thesis were set two hypotheses: H1: The level of population knowledge about selected radiation accidents in South Bohemian region will reach at least 70 % and H2: The level of population knowledge about disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima will be statistically significantly higher than the knowledge about the others selected radiation accidents. To achieve the stated goals and to test the hypotheses, a questionnaire was compiled, and a survey was made. The results of the survey were evaluated by methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions. The first part of questionnaire was about disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima, the second part was about the others selected radiation accidents. The survey consisted of 126 people living in South Bohemian region. The results of the survey show that the overall percentage of correctly answered questions was 55 %, which can be considered as an average result. 72 % of people answered the questions correctly in first part of questionnaire and 37 % in the second part. The set goals were achieved, first hypothesis was refuted and the second was confirmed. The benefit of this diploma thesis is to obtain a summary of level of population knowledge about selected radiation accident in South Bohemian region. The results can be used as information material.
|
|
|
Content of cesium-137 in fungi in selected localities in the Novohradské hory
SCHNEIDEROVÁ, Kateřina
The Novohradské Mountains were increasingly contaminated with cesium-137 in places where large amounts of radiocesium were washed out of the radioactive cloud caused by the accident of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. Another source of cesium-137 was the testing of nuclear weapons, which was in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century carried out in the atmosphere of nuclear powers. From contaminated soil, cesium-137 enters the food chain and thus causes internal contamination of the population. For this reason, the activity concentration of cesium-137 in food (especially in edible mushrooms) is regularly determined. The aim of this thesis was to compare the activity concentrations of cesium-137 in samples of edible fungi collected in selected localities of the Novohradské Mountains. Transfer factors in individual fungal species were determined and compared. The thesis also focused on the comparison of the activity concentration of cesium-137 in the cap and in the stem of the mushroom. The samples were measured by gamma spectrometry. The values of activity concentration of cesium-137 in edible mushrooms differed according to their classification into the systematic group. Higher values of activity concentrations were measured in basidiomycete fungi compared to lower values recorded in gill fungi. High values of activity concentrations of cesium-137 have been repeatedly found, especially in the imleria badia (Xerocomus badius). The lowest value of the activity concentration of cesium-137 was measured in the representative of the parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). The transfer factor as a ratio between the activity concentration of cesium-137 in the mushroom and the activity of cesium-137 in the soil is an important parameter for estimating the dose of internal exposure to radionuclides that a person receives in contaminated foods. The highest determined transfer factors were calculated for imleria badia (Xerocomus badius), the blusher (Amanita rubescens) and golden chanterelle mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius). Out of a total of 58 samples, in 78 % of the samples the values of the activity concentration of cesium-137 in the cap were higher than the values of the activity concentration in the stem and in 22 % of the samples the activity concentrations in the cap were lower than in its stem. The determined cap/stem ratio confirmed that three quarters of the edible mushrooms examined preferentially accumulated cesium-137 in the cap and one quarter of the mushrooms more accumulated cesium-137 more in their stem.
|
|
|
Comparing Awareness Students of Universities about Accidents at Nuclear Facilities in Selected Areas
JANDOVÁ, Kamila
The diploma thesis compared the awareness of university students of accidents at nuclear facilities. The aim of the thesis was to compare and assess the awareness of students of three universities in České Budějovice and one university in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. The Czech universities concerned were the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia, the College of European and Regional, and the Institute of Technology and Business; the Russian university was the Russian State Hydrometeorological University. First, two hypotheses were set. The aim of the first hypothesis was to find out if the students of Russian State Hydrometeorological University will have statistically significantly better knowledge about accidents at nuclear facilities than the students of the three universities in České Budějovice. The aim of the second hypothesis was to find out if the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia will have statistically significantly better knowledge about accidents at nuclear facilities than the students of the other two universities in České Budějovice. In order to achieve the set aim and to verify the hypothesis a questionnaire, comprising 15 questions, was compiled and a survey was carried out; its results were then evaluated using the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The total number of 200 students from the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation took part in the survey. The first hypothesis, which compared the knowledge of the students of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University and the students of the three universities in České Budějovice, was disproved. The second hypothesis, which compared the knowledge of the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia and the students of the other two universities in České Budějovice, was approved. The results of the survey showed that there were statistically significant differences between the Russian and Czech students, and between the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia and the students of the other two universities in České Budějovice as far as their knowledge of accidents at nuclear facilities is concerned.
|
|
|
The impact of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl on the environment
Dvořáková, Markéta ; Přibil, Rudolf (advisor) ; Braniš, Martin (referee)
Modern civilization is dependent on the production of energy. But there are only two energy sources that can cover our energy needs: the energy produced by burning fossil fuels and the energy produced by nuclear fission. People are afraid of nuclear accidents and storage of radioactive waste in relation with the use of nuclear energy. My work focuses on the risk of a nuclear accident, which is demonstrated on the Chernobyl nuclear accident. There were obsolete types of nuclear reactors at Chernobyl. The staff, which serviced the power plant, was inadequately prepared for the experiment. A lot of radionuclides released into atmosphere after the explosion at Chernobyl. They affected mainly the near area from the power plant. There was announced the thirty kilometers large Zone of Alienation. My work deals with the consequences of the accident at Chernobyl for environment - health effects for people and the exposure to animals and plants in the near but also in farther area from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
|
guest ::
